summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/wiki/open-iov.org/index.php/Merged_Drivers.html
blob: 5bb106d93d30c91d4a436c2882aa2ab5b3ec5c5e (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<title>Merged Drivers - Open-IOV</title>
<script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"84683061423b6b8f3f54727d","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Merged_Drivers","wgTitle":"Merged Drivers","wgCurRevisionId":23737,"wgRevisionId":23737,"wgArticleId":30,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Merged_Drivers","wgRelevantArticleId":30,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!1,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr",
"pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":!1};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader"];</script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});
});});</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../load.php%3Flang=en&amp;modules=ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript|skins.vector.styles.legacy&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector.css"/>
<script async="" src="../load.php%3Flang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector"></script>
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.37.1"/>
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.ico.html"/>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="../opensearch_desc.php" title="Open-IOV (en)"/>
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="../api.php%3Faction=rsd"/>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Open-IOV Atom feed" href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"/>
</head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Merged_Drivers rootpage-Merged_Drivers skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
	<a id="top"></a>
	<div id="siteNotice"></div>
	<div class="mw-indicators">
	</div>
	<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" >Merged Drivers</h1>
	<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">
		<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Open-IOV</div>
		<div id="contentSub"></div>
		<div id="contentSub2"></div>
		
		<div id="jump-to-nav"></div>
		<a class="mw-jump-link" href="Merged_Drivers.html#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>
		<a class="mw-jump-link" href="Merged_Drivers.html#searchInput">Jump to search</a>
		<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p>The following page will provide specifications and details on the current state of host DRM + VFIO-Mdev drivers in support of various vendors.
</p><p>In the context of this page the term <b>"Merged Driver"</b> refers to drivers which <i>allow simultaneous acceleration of the host using a device's PF (Physical Function) and acceleration of guests using one or more VFs (Virtual Functions) created using the same device</i>.
</p><p>
Merged functionality is currently supported for drivers which both make use of VFIO-Mdev and SR-IOV functionality depending on the vendor and driver implementation.</p><blockquote><p>An absence of critical technical documentation has historically slowed growth and adoption of developer ecosystems for GPU virtualization.
</p><p>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a> licensed content can either be used with attribution, or used as inspiration for new documentation, created by GPU vendors for public commercial distribution as developer documentation.
</p><p>
Where possible, this documentation will clearly label dates and versions of observed-but-not-guaranteed behaviour vs. vendor-documented stable interfaces/behaviour with guarantees of forward or backward compatibility.</p></blockquote>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Intel_i915"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Intel i915</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Known_Issues"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Known Issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Resolved_Issues"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Resolved Issues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Nvidia"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Nvidia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Known_Issues_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Known Issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Resolved_Issues_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Resolved Issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Module_Configuration"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Module Configuration</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#AMDGPU"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">AMDGPU</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html#Known_Issues_3"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Known Issues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Intel_i915">Intel i915</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="./File:Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png.html" class="image"><img alt="" src="../images/thumb/0/0b/Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png/300px-Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="../images/thumb/0/0b/Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png/450px-Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png 1.5x, ../images/thumb/0/0b/Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png/600px-Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png 2x" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="./File:Intel_GVT-g_Capabilities.png.html" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Intel's slides mention the ability to accelerate up to '8 VMs plus DOM0'. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://01.org/sites/default/files/documentation/an_introduction_to_intel_gvt-g_for_external.pdf">https://01.org/sites/default/files/documentation/an_introduction_to_intel_gvt-g_for_external.pdf</a></div></div></div>
<p>Intel currently supports host DRM and VFIO-Mdev/SR-IOV functionality in it's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/gpu/drm/i915">current i915 driver sources (VFIO-Mdev/GVT-g)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/intel/linux-intel-lts/commit/41ef979f0894326c202473807a56b599a2f3d04e">upstreaming i915 driver sources (VFIO-Mdev/SR-IOV)</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Known_Issues">Known Issues</span></h3>
<ol><li>SR-IOV functionality is undocumented in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://01.org/linuxgraphics/gfx-docs/drm/gpu/i915.html">i915 driver API documentation</a>.    <br />  <i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> *</i><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="./File:Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png.html" class="image"><img alt="" src="../images/thumb/3/3d/Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png/300px-Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="../images/thumb/3/3d/Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png/450px-Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png 1.5x, ../images/thumb/3/3d/Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png/600px-Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png 2x" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="./File:Intel_i915_Host_DRM_+_VFIO-Mdev..png.html" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A diagram depicting i915's shared host + VFIO-Mdev driver model.</div></div></div></li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolved_Issues">Resolved Issues</span></h3>
<ol><li>Multiplexing functionality requires use modified KVM and Xen hypervisors (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://01.org/sites/default/files/documentation/01x08b-kvmgt-a.pdf">KVMGT</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/XenGT">XenGT</a>).  <i><b><br />Confirmed affected versions:</b>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/gpu/drm/i915">current i915 driver sources (GVT-g)</a><b><br />Fixed in:</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/intel/linux-intel-lts/commit/41ef979f0894326c202473807a56b599a2f3d04e">upstreaming i915 driver sources (SR-IOV)</a></i></li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nvidia">Nvidia</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Known_Issues_2">Known Issues</span></h3>
<ol><li>Power management on laptops running mediated graphics functionality may causes graphical errors when not plugged in to AC power.    <br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> 460.32.01, 460.73.04</i>      <br /><i><b>Possible mitigation:</b></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220425092615.10133-1-abhsahu@nvidia.com/">lore.kernel.org: <i>"vfio/pci: Change the PF power state to D0 before enabling VFs"</i></a></li>
<li>VFIO-vmalloc errors may occur as a result of page collisions between host &amp; guest on GPUs with smaller VRAM frame buffer sizes.   <br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> 460.32.01, 460.73.04</i></li>
<li>Mdev service daemons may crash or load incorrectly requiring a service restart or reboot during host runtime.<br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> 460.32.01, 460.73.04, 510.xx.xx</i></li>
<li>Guest drivers fail to initialize correctly when VFIO-Mdev devices are mixed with some VFIO passthrough'd USB hubs.<br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> 460.73.01</i></li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolved_Issues_2">Resolved Issues</span></h3>
<ol><li>Upon executing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Virtual_IO_Internals#QEMU_adds_VFIO_device_to_IOMMU_container-group">QEMU mdev device initialization</a> for a second Mdev an IOMMU group binding error occurs in QEMU preventing the device from being brought up.<br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> 460.32.01, 460.73.04<br /><b>Fixed in:</b> 510.xx.xx</i></li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Module_Configuration">Module Configuration</span></h3>
<p>Depending on your use-case the use of some additional parameters when booting the system may be helpful.
</p><p>Here is a list of some parameters which may be used when loading the module via GRUB or Systemd-boot.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Module Parameters
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Parameter
</th>
<th>Description
</th>
<th>Side-Effects
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>cudahost=1
</td>
<td>Allows use of CUDA on the host system.
</td>
<td>Windows guests may fail.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>nvidia.vgpukvm=0
</td>
<td>Disables GPU virtualization on the host.
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="AMDGPU">AMDGPU</span></h2>
<p>At this time AMDGPU does not currently support VFIO-Mdev functionality. It may be possible to incorporate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Mediated_Device_Internals#Mdev_Mode">Mdev Mode mediated device support</a> similar to those functions in nvidia.ko and i915.ko in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu">Linux kernel's AMDGPU driver sources</a> to produce a driver suitable for merged host+guest DRM for use with AMD GPU devices.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Known_Issues_3">Known Issues</span></h3>
<ol><li>Host DRM does not work alongside guest VFIO-Mdev.    <br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> *</i></li>
<li>The amdgpu kernel module doesn't contain hooks for guest signalling via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=721eecbf4fe995ca94a9edec0c9843b1cc0eaaf3">irqfd</a> &amp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=d34e6b175e61821026893ec5298cc8e7558df43a">ioeventfd</a> used for VFIO-mdev callbacks.  <br /><i><b>Confirmed affected versions:</b> *</i>  <br /></li></ol>
<!-- 
NewPP limit report
Cached time: 20260911155251
Cache expiry: 86400
Reduced expiry: false
Complications: []
CPU time usage: 0.013 seconds
Real time usage: 0.014 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 42/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 2/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%    0.000      1 -total
-->

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key my_wiki:pcache:idhash:30-0!canonical and timestamp 20260911155251 and revision id 23737. Serialized with JSON.
 -->
</div>
<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Merged_Drivers&amp;oldid=23737.html">https://open-iov.org/index.php?title=Merged_Drivers&amp;oldid=23737</a>"</div></div>
		<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div>
	</div>
</div>

<div id="mw-navigation">
	<h2>Navigation menu</h2>
	<div id="mw-head">
		<nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Personal tools</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Merged+Drivers.html" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

		<div id="left-navigation">
			<nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu vector-menu-tabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Namespaces</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="https://open-iov.org/index.php?title=Talk:Merged_Drivers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

			<nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown-noicon vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<input type="checkbox"
		id="p-variants-checkbox"
		role="button"
		aria-haspopup="true"
		data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants"
		class=" vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" />
	<h3 id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Variants</span>
			<span class="vector-menu-checkbox-expanded">expanded</span>
			<span class="vector-menu-checkbox-collapsed">collapsed</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

		</div>
		<div id="right-navigation">
			<nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu vector-menu-tabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Views</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="Merged_Drivers.html">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Merged_Drivers&amp;action=edit.html" title="This page is protected.&#10;You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Merged_Drivers&amp;action=history.html" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

			<nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown-noicon vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation"  title="More options"
	 >
	<input type="checkbox"
		id="p-cactions-checkbox"
		role="button"
		aria-haspopup="true"
		data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions"
		class=" vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" />
	<h3 id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>More</span>
			<span class="vector-menu-checkbox-expanded">expanded</span>
			<span class="vector-menu-checkbox-collapsed">collapsed</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

			<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box">
	<div>
		<h3 >
			<label for="searchInput">Search</label>
		</h3>
		<form action="https://open-iov.org/index.php" id="searchform">
			<div id="simpleSearch" data-search-loc="header-navigation">
				<input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Open-IOV" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Open-IOV [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/>
				<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
				<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/>
				<input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/>
			</div>
		</form>
	</div>
</div>

		</div>
	</div>
	
<div id="mw-panel">
	<div id="p-logo" role="banner">
		<a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="../images/archive/c/c3/20221214193624!I915_Scheduling_Events_and_Requests.png.html"
			title="Visit the main page"></a>
	</div>
	<nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Navigation</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../images/archive/c/c3/20221214193624!I915_Scheduling_Events_and_Requests.png.html" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="./Special:Random.html" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-help-mediawiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents">Help about MediaWiki</a></li></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

	<nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" 
	 >
	<h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading"> <span>Tools</span>
	</h3>
	<div class="vector-menu-content">
		
		<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="./Special:WhatLinksHere/Merged_Drivers.html" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Merged_Drivers" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="./Special:SpecialPages.html" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Merged_Drivers&amp;oldid=23737.html" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="../index.php%3Ftitle=Merged_Drivers&amp;action=info.html" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul>
		
	</div>
</nav>

	
</div>

</div>
<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" >
	<ul id="footer-info" >
	<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 00:22.</li>
</ul>

	<ul id="footer-places" >
	<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Open-IOV:Privacy_policy" title="Open-IOV:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="./Open-IOV:About.html" title="Open-IOV:About">About Open-IOV</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="https://open-iov.org/index.php/Open-IOV:General_disclaimer" title="Open-IOV:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
</ul>

	<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
	<li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="../resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="../resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, ../resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li>
</ul>

</footer>


<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.013","walltime":"0.014","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00%    0.000      1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20260911155251","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":56});});</script>
<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a39968eb4c9239c9',t:'MTc4OTE1ODQxMg=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>